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Unincorporated Entity Can Sue By Representative Action Archives - LegalDigitalNG
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1.Power Of The Attorney-General
199 constitution
1999 constitution
2002
A claim for trespass is not dependent of declaration of title
a claim for tresspass and injunction may succeed
A customary tenancy is determined by forfeiture
A debt must fall due before power of sale can be exercised
A declaration made under Traditional Rulers and Chiefs Edict 1979 of Bendel State is administrative in nature as well as executive and not a judicial act
A document can be tendered by a party to it or by one who has proper custody of it
A ground of appeal should not allege both error of law and a misdirection all at the same time.
A guarantor can be sued independently of the debtor
A Notice of acquisition to be served on owner or occupier
A party may plead a document by pleading its effect as a fact
A Party Seeking the Invocation of a Rule of Court is to Prove that Non-Compliance with the Rule Has Caused Injustice to Him
A plaintiff must describe his land with definite certainty and it must be easily ascertainable with precise boundaries
a plaintiff must succeed on his case and not on the weakness of the defendant’s case
A registrable instrument not registered cannot be pleaded to establish title but may be prove payment
a Single Appeal Should be Filed
Absence of illiterate jurat
Abuse of court process
Abuse of Court/Judicial Process
Abuse Of Court/Judicial Process(es)
Abuse of Court/Judicial Processes
ABUSE OF COURT/JUDICIAL PROCESSES REPLY BRIEF
Abuse of Process. Extradition Act
Academic or hypothetical question(s)/issues/suit/exercise
Acceptance of Sum Paid Into Court
Acceptance of Sum Paid Into Court By One of Several Defendants
Accident
Accidental Shooting
Acquisition
Acquisition of Land
Acquisition of land by Government from individuals
acquisitions
Acquittal of an Accused Person
Action
ACTION FOR INFRINGEMENT OF TRADE MARK
ACTION FOR MONEY HAD AND RECEIVED
Action to recover fees
Acts
Acts of possession and ownership
Actual or Constructive
Actus Reus
ADDRESS OF COUNSEL
ADDUCING FRESH/ADDITIONAL/FURTHER EVIDENCE ON APPEAL
Adjournment
administration of estate
Administration of Estate-Intestate Succession
ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
administrative law
Admiralty and maritime law
ADMISSIBILITY AND WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE/PROBATIVE VALUE
Admissibility of Confessional Statement
Admissibility of document
Admissibility of document prepared in anticipation of action
Admissibility of Documentary evidence
Admissibility of evidence
ADMISSIBILITY OF SECONDARY EVIDENCE
Admissibility of Unregistered Registrable Instrument
ADMISSION AGAINST INTEREST
Admission of evidence without more does not amount to proof of validity and correctness
Admission of fact(s)
Admission of Liability
Admission of Owing Part of the Sum Owed – Pleadings
Admissions
Admitted Facts
ADR
Adversary has duty to controvert facts in affidavit.
Adverse possession
Affidavit
Affidavit evidence
affidavits serve as a statement of claim and defence; bare denial is no denial
Agency
Agency by ratification
Agent Relationship
Agent/Principal relationship
agreement
Agreement to Marry
Agreements
Alibi
Alien
Alienation/Transfer of Land
Allegation of Fraud
Allegations cannot amount to averments unless they are sufficiently particularized
Alter or Vary Judgment/Slip Rule
Alteration of Constitution or Statute
Alternative Claim /Alternative Reliefs
Alternative Relief
Amendment of charge
Amendment of Court processes
AMENDMENT OF COURT PROCESSES/PLEADINGS
Amendment of Court’s Orders/ Judgments
Amendment of Election Petition
Amendment of originating processes
Amendment of Pleadings
AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION
An aggrieved party must exhaust all remedies provided in a statute before resorting to court
An Amended Law Cannot Put a Stop to Proceedings Validly Commenced
An Illegally Acquired Title is not Transferable
An instrument executed before the consent of Governor is valid but in choate until consent obtained
an offence of attempted murder is committed when there is an intent to kill and not merely to do grievous harm
AN ORDER FOR STAY OF EXECUTION CAN ONLY BE GRANTED IN RESPECT OF EXECUTORY JUDGMENT OR ORDER
Annual Returns
Any person who alleges any breach of rules of fair hearing has the burden of proof of same
Appeal
APPEAL ARISING FROM ELECTION PETITION
Appeal as a Right
Appeal as of Right
APPEAL BY INTERESTED PARTY
Appeal Court
APPEAL FROM DECISION OF TRIAL COURT
Appeal must be from the Judgment of the Court Below
Appearance of counsel in trial
Appearance/entering appearance
appellate court
Appellate court’s interference
Appellate Jurisdiction
Applicable Law is Law in Force at Time of Cause of Action
Applicable Law to a Suit
Applicable law to cause of action
Application
application for amendment
Application for Dismissal of Action
Application for Extension of Time
Application For Injunction
Application for Interim Injunction
Application For Leave to Appeal and Stay of Proceedings
APPLICATION FOR STAY OF EXECUTION OF JUDGMENT
Application for Trade mark Registration
Application of Customary Law
Application of Estoppel in Cases
Application of the Principles of Fair Hearing
Application of the Public Officers Protection Act in Contractual Disputes
Application on merit
APPLICATIONS/MOTIONS
Appointment
APPOINTMENT OF A RECEIVER/MANAGER
ARBITRAL AWARD
Arbitral Awards
ARBITRAL PROCEEDINGS
Arbitration
Arbitration Clause
Arbitration and Conciliation
Arbitration clause
ARBITRATOR
Arbitrator acting beyond his powers
ARGUMENT IN APPELLANT’S BRIEF
armed robbery
Arraignment/Taking Of Plea
Arrears
Arrears of Rent
Arrest
ARREST OF JUDGMENT
Arrest of Ship
Articles of Association
Assault or Battery
ASSESSMENT OF DAMAGES
Assessment of Tax
Assignment of Debt
Attempt to commit an offence
Attempted Armed Robbery
Attempted Murder
Attitude of Appellate Court to Award of Damages by Trial Court
Attitude of appellate courts to findings of fact made by a lower court
Attitude of court to setting aside an arbitral award
Attitude of Court Towards Raising Issues Suo Motu
Attitude of Courts to ouster provisions in a statute
Auction sale
Audi Alterem Partem
Audit
Authorised Dealer
authority to appear
Authorization to Sue in a Representative Capacity
Averment in a Statement
Averment in pleadings except admitted is not evidence
Award of Compound Interest on Overdraft
AWARD OF COST
AWARD OF DAMAGES
AWARD OF INTEREST
Bail
Balance of Convenience
Bank and Banking Business
bank draft
Bank loans
Bank statement in support of facts pleaded
Banker entitled to stop payment of draft to prevent fraud
Banker may consolidate accounts owned by a customer
Banker must prove how debit balance was arrived
Banker-Customer Relationship
Banking
Banking Law
Banking loan
Banking Matter
Banking Regulations
Banks to refrain from Charging exorbitant interest
Basic rules of statutory interpretation
Basis for the Remedy of Specific Performance
BE MADE PLAINTIFF WITHOUT HIS CONSENT
Benin Land Tenure System
Benin Native Land Tenure System
Best Evidence of Proof of a Public Document
Best evidence of the contents of a document
Bias
Bias of Court
Bill of Exchange
Bill of lading
Binding Contract
Board Meetings
Board Resolutions
Bodily Trespass
Bona Fide Purchaser
Bona fide purchaser for value
Bonafide Purchaser for Value without Notice
Boundary
Branch Office
Branch Office – It is Sufficient to Serve a Company’s Branch Office in Jurisdiction of the Forum
Breach of an Agreement is Not a Criminal Offence
BREACH OF CODE OF CONDUCT
Breach of contract
breach of contract cannot be regarded as negligence
breach of fair hearing
Breach of Fundamental Rights
Breach of right to fair hearing
Breach of Rules of Fair Hearing
Breach of the Right to Fair Hearing
Breach of trust
breach of which Attracts Interests as of Right
Brief
Brief of argument
Briefs of argument
Building
Burden of Proof
Burden of proof in civil cases
Burden of Proof in Criminal Cases
Burden of Proof in Land Disputes
Burden of proof in land matters
Burden of proof of long possession
BURDEN OF PROOF/ONUS OF PROOF
BURDEN OF PROOF/STANDARD OF PROOF
Burden of Proving Document
Burden on the Claimant
Burden/Standard of Proof
Business Law
Business Partnership
Business Relationships
C of O
Calling Of Witness(es)
Calls
Candidate Nomination
Capacity of a dead person to sue or be sued in an action
Capacity to sue
Capacity To Sue And Be Sued
Capital
Capital Reduction
Case Law
Case made out by party at trial court
Case Management
CASE ON REFERENCE
Categories of tenancy recognised by law
Cause of Action
cause of death
Cause(s) of action
Causes(s) of Action
causing death by dangerous driving
Central bank guidelines to be produced in evidence
Certificate of Occupancy
Certificate of Occupancy (C of O)
Certified true copy of public document
CERTIORARI
Certiorari and Prohibition
Changing an Admission Amendment
Characteristics and nature f a hire purchase agreement
Charge
Charge on the Property
Charges
Chattel and property law
Cheating
CHEIFTAINCY DECLARATION
Cheque Issuance
Chieftaincy
Chieftaincy Dispute
Chieftaincy Matter
Chieftaincy Matters
chieftancy matters
Child Abduction
Child Protection
CHOICE OF COUNSEL
Circumstances in which the Appellate Court will Interfere with the Exercise of Discretion
Circumstances where the Court will not Entertain an Action for a Declaratory
Circumstances wherein Court can depart from or overrule its previous decisions
Circumstantial evidence
civil
Civil Cases
Civil law
Civil litigation
Civil Procedure
CIVIL RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS
Claim Based on Repealed Law
Claim For Compensation
Claim For Damages
CLAIM FOR INTEREST
Claim for payment of professional fees
CLAIM FOR TRESPASS AND INJUNCTION
Claim(s)/Relief(s)
claimant
Claims for Trespass
Claims for Trespass and Injunction
Clinical Negligence:
Co-ownership
Commencement of Action
Commencement of Actions with Originating Summons
Commercial Contract
Commercial Dispute
Commercial law
commission
Commission Dispute
Common Intention
common law
Company – Liaison Office – Liaison Office is Good Enough for Purposes of Service
Company law
Company Law: Grounds for Winding Up
Company Name
COMPANY SHARES
Compensation
Compensation for Damages
COMPETENCE OF AN ACTION/A SUIT
COMPETENCE OF APPEAL
Competence Of Court
COMPETING INTERESTS IN LAND
competing rights of parties
Competition Law
Compilation and transmission of record of appeal
Compliance
COMPUTATION OF TIME
CONCURRENT FINDINGS OF FACT BY TWO LOWER COURTS GROUND OF APPEAL
Concurrent Findings of Fact(s)
Concurrent Jurisdiction
Condition for the Admissibility of Computer-Generated Documents
Condition Precedent
Condition Under Which Expert Witness Who Has No Required Qualification on the Relevant Professional Field Can Testify
Conditions and Warranties
Conditions for a successful plea of estoppel per rem judicatam
Conditions for Conviction for a Lesser Offence
Conditions for the Transfer of Absolute Title under Customary Law
Conditions Precedent
Conditions required for an agreement to qualify as a hire purchase agreement
Conditions that must be met before new points can be raised on appeal
Conditions to be met for a conviction by circumstantial evidence
Conduct of Counsel
Conduct of primary elections by political parties
Confessional statement
Confessional Statements
Conflict in Affidavit
Conflict in Affidavit Evidence
Conflicting Enactments/Statutes
Conflicting Evidence
Conflicts of material facts in Affidavits
Consent judgment
Consent Judgment Valid Until Set Aside
Consent of Governor
Consequential order
Consistency in Presentation of a Case
Consolidation of accounts
Consolidation of Action
Consolidation Of Action(s)/Suit(s)
Consolidation of Applications by the Court
Consolidation of Cases
Conspiracy
Conspiracy to Commit Armed Robbery
Conspiracy to Commit Robbery
Conspiracy to Murder
Constituent of a good judgment
Constituents of a good judgement
CONSTITUTION
Constitution of a Final Judgment
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
Constitutional Law
Constitutional law – Interpretation of constitutional rights
Constitutional Law: Right to Fair Hearing
Constitutional Provision
Constitutional right of an Accused Person
Construction Company
Construction of Documents/Instruments
construction of general and specific provisions in a statute
Constructive possession
Consumer
Consumer Protection Law
CONTEMPT OF COURT
Content of Documents
contentious
Contract
Contract Dispute
Contract law
Contract of Employment
Contract of guarantee
Contract of Insurance
Contract of Sale of Goods
Contract of Sale of Land
CONTRACT OF SALE OF LAND/PROPERTY
CONTRACT OF SERVICE/CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT
Contract under the Carriage By Air (Parties to Convention) Order 1958
Contract which Seeks to Circumvent Statute is Void and Unenforceable
Contractual agreement/document
Contractual Obligations
contradiction
CONTRADICTION IN EVIDENCE
Contradiction of Evidence
Contradictory Evidence
Contributory in a Winding Up Proceeding
Conversion
Conveyancy Law
conviction
Conviction for Lesser Offence
Conviction of murder
coordinate jurisdiction
Copyright
Corporate Fraud
Corporate Governance
Corporate law matters
Corporate Policy
Correspondence with Government officials are private documents requiring no certification
corroborating evidence
Corroboration
Corroboration in Rape Trial
corroborative evidence
Corruption
Cost Award
COUNSEL AS WITNESS FOR CLIENT
Counter Affidavit unnecessary where Affidavit of Applicant is Self-Contradictory
Counter Claim
counter claim is a cross action
Counter Claim is a separate suit
Counter- Claim
Counter-Claim
Course of action is reasonable once it discloses some course or questions fit to be decided by a judge
Court
Court Appeal
Court Can Ignore Unnecessary Dust Aimed at Obscuring Real Issues
Court can resort to documentary evidence to resolve conflicts in affidavits or resolve conflict suo moto
Court can resort to documentary evidence to resolve conflicts in affidavits or resolve conflicts suo motu
Court cannot fragment traditional history
Court Cannot Grant Injunction to Restrain Dismissal
Court construe expropriatory statutes strictly in favour of citizens
court fees
Court have no jurisdiction to intervene in internal affairs of university except where civil rights of student is breached
Court Interpretation of Document
Court jurisdiction
Court jurisdiction to entertain the suit
Court martial
Court Not to Predetermine the Substantive Suit at an Interlocutory Stage
Court Not to Punish Litigant for Error of Counsel Except if Litigant is Also Culpable
Court of Appeal
Court of Co-ordinate Jurisdiction
Court Raising Issue(s) Suo Motu
Court should not act on inadmissible evidence
Court sitting on appeal over decision of court of coordinate jurisdiction
Court to Prevent Technicalities from Perpetuating Injustice and to Determine Matter on the Merits
Court will not order specific performance and awarded damages for the same breach
Court’s grant of unclaimed relief
Courts to favour citizens
Courts to take into consideration intention of law maker
Credibility of witness
Credibility of Witnesses
Credible Evidence
Credit assessment
Credit Bureau
Credit Information
Credit Report
Criminal Breach of Trust
Criminal Code
Criminal law
Criminal Law and Procedure
Criminal Law: Mens Rea and Actus Reus
Criminal Procedure
criminal proceeding
Criminal Prosecution
Criminal Responsibility of a Person
Criminal trial/Proceedings
Cross appeal
Cross-Appeal
CROSS-EXAMINATION
Cross-Examination in Criminal Cases
Crossed cheque
Cruelty in Marriage
CTC PUBLIC DOCUMENT
Culpable homicide
Currency Withdrawal
Customary Agreement
Customary Arbitration
Customary Arbitrators as an Estoppel
Customary Land Law
Customary Land Tenure System
Customary law
Customary right of occupancy
CUSTOMARY SALE OF LAND
CUSTOMARY TENANCY
Customs
Damages
Data Protection
Date for mention not to be treated as date for hearing
Death
Death of a party
Death of Party
Death Sentence
Debt Collection
Debt collection and bankruptcy cases
Debt Recovery
Decisions on Interlocutory Proceedings
Declaration of Ownership
declaration of proof
DECLARATION OF RIGHT
Declaration of title
Declaration of Title of Land
Declaration of title to land
DECLARATORY ACTION
DECLARATORY JUDGMENT
Declaratory Judgment Cannot be Stayed
DECLARATORY JUDGMENT/ORDER
Declaratory relief
Decree Nisi/Absolute in Matrimonial Cases
Deed
Deed of Assignment
Deed of Legal Mortgage
Deemed and Actual Grant – Land Use Act
Defamation
Defamatory words to be pleaded
Default judgment
default of service
defeated by Malice
Defect in Customary Court Proceeedings
Defective Product
Defence
Defence in criminal law
DEFENCE OF ACCIDENT
Defence of Acquiescence
Defence of acquiescence or estoppell
Defence of alibi
Defence of an Accused Person
Defence Of Insanity
Defence of Justification
Defence of Laches and Acquiescence
Defence of Provocation
Defence of Self-Defence
Defences of Laches and Acquiescence
Defendant
Defendant Who Fails to File Statement of Defence Cannot Lead Oral Evidence and is Deemed to Have Admitted Statement of Claim Except If Obviously False
Defendant’s Witness
Defilement
Definition of “Holiday” and “Public Holiday”
Definition of Agency of the Federal Government
Definition of cause of action
Definition of Detinue
DELEGATION OF POWER
Delivery
Delivery of Judgment
Demand Letter
Demolition
Demurrer
Demurrer Jurisdiction
DEMURRER PROCEEDINGS
Denials in affidavits alleging fraud must be sufficiently particularized
Desirable that rate of interest be pleaded and evidence adduced
Desirable that rate of interest be pleaded and evidence adduced.
Desirable that rate of interest be pleaded and evidenced adduced
Detention of an accused person
Determination of a Statute Barred Action
DETERMINATION OF APPEAL
Detinue
Difference Between Execution and Garnishee
DIRECT ORAL EVIDENCE
Director
Director’s liabilities
Disciplinary Proceedings for Lawyers on Professional Misconduct
Discontinuance made after the date for hearing
Discontinuation of a Suit
discount houses
Discovery
Discretion of court
Discretion of Court to Disallow Evidence
dismissal
Dismissal of a Public Officer
Dismissal of an Employee
Dismissal of appeal
Dismissal should not be retrospective
Dispute Resolution
Disputes
Disqualification of Candidate
Dissenting Judgment
Dissenting Judgment is Not the Binding Judgment Final
Dissolution
Dissolution of Marriage
Distinct from Contract with Principal Debtor
Distinction between Accusatorial and Inquisitorial methods of trying an accused person
Distinction Between Admissibility of Document and Probative Value
Distinction Between Applicability of Substantive Law and Rules of Procedure
Distinction Between General and Special Damages
Distinction between jurisdiction based on procedural law and jurisdiction based on substantive law
Distinction Between Mandatory Injunction and Interlocutory Injunction
Distinction between pleadings and evidence
Distinction between Sale and Hire Purchase
divesting a citizen of property
Dividends
Divorce
Divorce Proceedings
Doctrine Does Not Operate to Defeat Title to Property Which Had Vested before Commencement of Litigation
Doctrine of Estoppel
Doctrine Of Last Seen
doctrine of lis pendens
Doctrine of Part Performance
Doctrine of Pendente
Doctrine of Pendente Lite
Doctrine of Recent Possession
Doctrine of Res Ipsa Loquitu
Doctrine of State Decisis
document
Document Admissibility
Document Admitted for Identification
Document made in language other than English
Document prepared for and on behalf of illiterate
DOCUMENT RELIED ON IN A CASE
Document Tendered by Consent
Documentary evidence
Documentary evidence is hanger upon which to base other pieces of evidence
Documents
Documents Attached to an Affidavit Form Part of the Affidavit
Dollar Withdrawal
Domain name
Domestic Affair(s) Of A Tertiary Institution
Domiciliary Account
Doubt
DRP
Drug trafficking
Due Diligence
Duplicate or carbon copy of document is good as the original and constitutes primary evidence
Duties of a Court Registrar
Duties of Court in Civil Proceeding
Duties of the Court
duty o court
Duty of appellant counsel to ensure completeness of record
Duty of applicant to furnish Court with all necessary and vital documents for the due consideration of his application
Duty of bank
Duty of banker to honour cheques
Duty of Counsel
Duty of counsel Regarding Brief of Argument in Appeal Cases
Duty Of Court
Duty of court in interpretation of contracts
Duty of Court not to decide Issues based on Speculation
Duty of court to consider all defences available to an accused person
Duty of Court when the Issue of Jurisdiction is Raised
Duty Of Court Where Preliminary Objection Is Raised Against The Competence Of An Action
Duty of Court Where Provisions of a Statute are Ambiguous Vague or Capable of Two Meanings
Duty of doctors to respect their patient’s wishes
Duty Of Judge
Duty of Judge to do substantial justice and prevent undue adherence to Technicalities
DUTY OF PARTIES
Duty of Prosecution
Duty of the court and the parties to not deviate from the pleadings
Duty of the high court not to pre-empt the Court of Appeal
Duty on bank
DUTY ON GOVERNMENT OF THE FEDERATION TO MAINTAIN FEDERATION ACCOUNT
DUTY ON GOVERNMENT OF THE FEDERATION TO MAINTAIN FEDERATION ACCOUNT SIMPLE CONTRACT
Duty to establish identity of land
Easement
Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC)
Edo State
Effect of a Company acting Ultra Vires
Effect of a Condition Precedent in a Contract
Effect of a Confessional Statement
Effect of a Court Hearing a Matter Where It Has No Jurisdiction
Effect of A Variation in The Composition of a Court
Effect of a variation in the composition of a court/tribunal
Effect of an agent acting within the scope of his authority for a disclosed principal
Effect of an agent acting within the scope of his authority for an undisclosed principal
Effect of an order of dismissal
Effect of an order of non-suit
Effect of an order of striking out
Effect of an unchallenged evidence
Effect of an unchallenged evidence in judgment
Effect of death of party on survival of personal or representative action.
Effect of Entering a Conditional Appearance by a Defendant
Effect of Evidence Being at Variance with Pleadings
Effect of evidence on facts not pleaded
Effect of failure to call evidence in support of pleadings
Effect of failure to file a brief of argument
Effect of Failure to File an Election Petition within the Time Frame Stipulated by the Law
Effect of failure to institute an action against a Public Officer within the limitation period
Effect of failure to join Necessary Party
Effect of failure to obtain leave of Court to appeal where same is required
Effect of Failure to Obtain Leave of Court to File Appeal
Effect of Foreign Decisions on Nigerian Cour
Effect of Limitation Law
Effect of Non-Compliance with the Rules of Court
Effect of partitioning of family land
Effect of Reading a Charge and Explaining to an Accused in a Language He Understands
Effect of Registration of a Chieftaincy Declaration
Effect of Substitution and Amendment of a Charge in Criminal Cases
Effect of the Land Use Act 1978 on existing laws relating to registration of title
Effect Of The Success Of A Preliminary Objection To The Hearing Of An Appeal
Effect of unfiled statement of defence
EGM
Ejusdem Generis
Ejusdem Generis Rule of Interpretation
ELECTION
Election Corrupt Practices
Election Law
Election petition
ELECTION PETITION PROCEEDINGS
Election Petitions
ELECTION TO THE OFFICE OF GOVERNOR OF A STATE
Election Tribunal
Electoral Act
Electoral Act 2010
Electoral Act 2022
Electoral Act Compliance
Electoral Law
Electoral matters
Electoral Non-compliancE
Elements of a Libellous Publication
Elements of a Valid Charge
Elements of the Offence of Armed Robbery
Eligibility and Disqualification
Employee Cannot Claim Wages for Services He Never Rendered
Employee who protest termination yet collects salary has not waived his rights
Employer not bound to give reason for termination
EMPLOYER/EMPLOYEE RELATIONSHIP
Employment and Labour
Employment Contract
Employment Dispute
Employment Termination
EMPLOYMENT WITH STATUTORY FLAVOUR
Encroachment
Enforcement Action
Enforcement Of Contract
Enforcement Of Fundamental Human Right(s)
ENFORCEMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS
ENFORCEMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT APPEAL FROM DECISION OF TRIAL COURT AWARD OF DAMAGES UNLAWFUL ARREST AND DETENTION RIGHT TO PERSONAL LIBERTY
Enforcement of Fundamental Rights
Enforcement of Judgment
Enforcement of Judgment Takes Effect Immediately Unless Stayed Where Appeal is Filed
Enforcement Procedure Rules 2009
Enlargement of Time to Appeal
Environmental law
Environmental Regulations
Equal right of parties to present final address
Equipment/Machine Leasing
Equitable interest in Land
Equitable Maxims
Equitable Mortgage
Equitable remedies
Equitable Remedy
Equity
Equity of Redemption
Equity regards as done that which ought to have been done.
ermination of a Contract of Employment
Error in Judgment
Error of law
ERROR/MISTAKE IN JUDGMENT
Essence of pleadings
Essential Components of a Good Judgment
Essential Elements in an Action for Negligence
Essential Ingredients That Constitute A Valid Sale of Land Under Yoruba Customary Law
Essential Qualities of a Good Brief of Argument
Estate Administration
Estoppel
Estoppel (by conduct)
Estoppel by Conduct
Estoppel by Conduct/ Promissory Estoppel
Estoppel Per Rem Judicata
Estoppel Per Rem Judicatam
Estoppel per rem judicatam/res judicata
Evaluation of Evidence
EVALUATION OF EVIDENCE AND ASCRIPTION OF PROBATIVE VALUE THERETO FRESH ISSUE ON APPEAL
Evaluation of evidence of witness
Evaluation of Evidence Primary Responsibility of Trial Court
Eviction
evidence
Evidence Act
Evidence Act 2011
Evidence at variance with pleadings is inadmissible
Evidence Does Not Become Inevitably Accepted Merely Because it is Expert Evidence
Evidence extracted during cross examination of facts which are not pleaded
Evidence Law
Evidence of a witness
Evidence Of An Accomplice
Evidence Of Co-Accused Person
Evidence of Unpleaded Facts
Evidence of witness
Evidence of witness who lies and misleads the court is not credible
EVIDENCE ON UNPLEADED FACTS
Evidence on unpleaded facts go to no issue
Evidence Wrongly Admitted by trial Judge
Evidence: Burden of Proof in Civil Cases
Evidence: Eye Witness Testimony
Evidence: Tainted Witness
Ex-Parte Injunction as an Equitable Remedy
Ex-Parte Order of Injunction
Examination Misconduct Regulations
EXCLUSION OF ORAL BY DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
Exclusive jurisdiction of Federal High Court
Exclusive Jurisdiction of the National Assembly
Exclusive Jurisdiction of the National Assembly Election Tribunal
Exclusive legislative list
exclusive possession
Execution of judgment
Execution of the Deed
EXECUTORY AND DECLARATORY JUDGMENT
Executory Judgments
Executrix
Exercise of judicial power by administrative body
Exhaustion of Remedies
EXPARTE ORDER OF INJUNCTION NOT UNCONSTITUTIONAL AND WHEN TO GRANT IT
Expert evidence
Expert Opinion
Expert witness
EXPRESSIO UNIUS EST EXCLUSIO ALTERIUS RULE
Expressio Unius Exclusio Alterius
Expulsion
Expunge evidence
Extension of time
Extension of time to appeal
Extension/Enlargement Of Time To Appeal
Extraordinary General Meetings
Eye witness
eyewitness account
Fact that prior consent of Governor not obtained does not invalidate the sale
Factors Considered to Effectively Prove Special Damages
Factors guiding exercise of Court’s discretion
Factors to be Considered in Granting or Refusing Bail
Factors to Consider when Reviewing Decision of Motive Court
Facts Which the Court Must Take Judicial Notice of Need Not to Be Proved
Failure of Counsel to Address the Court
Failure of defendant to amend statement of defence after the plaintiff amends statement of claim
Failure of the court of appeal to consider issues submitted
Failure to file statement of defence
Failure to Prove Title of Land
Failure to seek leave to appeal where required
Failure to Take Advantage of Opportunity to be Heard
Failure to Tender Letter of Appointment Not Fatal
Failure to use words in oath act not fatal if substantial compliance
Fair hearing
Fair Trial
false imprisonment
False Imprisonment.
falsification of election result
family dispute
Family Land
Family law
Family property
Family Property/Land
Famly Status
Feasts and Holidays
Filing Notice of Appeal
Filing of Appeal
FILING/PRESENTATION OF ELECTION PETITION
Filings
Final Judgment
FINAL JUDGMENT/ORDER
Final/Interlocutory Judgment
finance
Finding not appealed against is binding
Finding of Fact
Finding(s) Of Fact(s)
FINDINGS OF FACTS
FINE
FIRS
For court to be competent
Foreign Company
Foreign Currency Domiciliary Account
Foreign Exchange Markets
Foreign law/case
Forfeiture
Forfeiture of Customary Tenancy
Forgery
Forgery of Cheque
Form of a counter affidavit
Formation and Elements of a Valid Contract
Formulation Of Issue(S) For Determination
FORMULATION OF ISSUES FOR DETERMINATION
Formulation of Issues for Determination in an Appeal
formulation of issues for determination in an appeal
Formulation of Issues in Appeal Cases
Forum Shopping
Fraud
Fraud Allegations
Fraud Vitiates Title
Fraudulent sale
Freedom of Movement
Fresh Point(s) On Appeal
Fresh Point(s) On Appeal Pleadings
FRESH POINTS ON APPEAL
FRONTLOADING
FRUSTRATION
Functus Officio
Fundamental human right
Fundamental Human Rights
Fundamental Human Rights Enforcement
Fundamental Right
Fundamental Rights
Further Appeal
Garnishee order
Garnishee order nisi
Garnishee proceedings
general and special damages in trespass
GENERAL CLAIM FOR DAMAGES
General Court Martial
General Court Martial (GCM)
General damages
General traverse is inadequate in pleadings
Good Faith
Government Agency
Government to comply strictly with procedure for acquisition of land
Governor’s Consent
Governor’s Consent
Grant of Letter of Administration
Granting a Stay of Proceedings pending appeal
Granting application for interlocutory injunction before stay of proceeding
granting of orders
ground of appeal
Ground of appeal from which no issue is raised is deemed abandoned
Ground of Appeal Relating to the Ratio Decidendi
GROUND(S) OF APPEAL
Grounds for Challenging Consent Judgment
Grounds for Expunging Improperly Registered Trademark
Grounds of appeal
Grounds Of Appeal and Issues for Determination
Grounds of appeal must arise from decision appealed against and challenged the ration and not obiter dicta
Guarantee
Guarantor only bound to extent of the agreement of guarantee
Guarantor Only Bound to the Extent of the Agreement of Guarantee
GUILT OF AN ACCUSED PERSON
Haematoma
Handwritten Certified True Copy is Admissible
Haruna Simon Tsammani
Hearing notice
Hearing of appeal
hearsay evidence
here the applicant is merely apprehensive; stay wont be granted
Hire purchase
Hire Purchase Agreement
Historical development of the Federal High Court vis-a-vis its jurisdiction
Holding Charge
Holding charge unknown to law
Holding Company
Homicide
How To Conduct a Copyright Search in Nigeria
How To Conduct a Design Search in Nigeria
How To Conduct IP Due Diligence for Mergers and Acquisitions in Nigeria
How To Conduct Skip Tracing for Debt Recovery in Nigeria
How To Defend Against Allegations of Intellectual Property Infringement in Nigeria
How To Determine The Date Of Accrual Of Cause Of Action
How To Draft a Cease and Desist Letter for Trademark Infringement in Nigeria
How To Draft a Patent Application in Nigeria
How To Draft Copyright Assignment Agreements in Nigeria
How To Draft Franchise Agreements for Intellectual Property in Nigeria
How To Draft Intellectual Property Clauses for Commercial Contracts in Nigeria
How To Draft Intellectual Property Policies for Organisations in Nigeria
How To Draft Trademark Coexistence Agreements in Nigeria
How To File a Claim with the Credit Bureau in Nigeria
How To File a Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) Application in Nigeria
How To File a Trademark Application in Nigeria
How To File an Intellectual Property Infringement Lawsuit in Nigeria
How To Handle Intellectual Property Disputes in Alternative Dispute Resolution in Nigeria
How To Handle Intellectual Property Rights in Technology Transfer Agreements in Nigeria
How To Handle IP Infringement on E-commerce Platforms in Nigeria
How To Handle Parallel Importation Issues in Nigeria
How To Handle Trade Secret Protection in Nigeria
How To Handle Trademark Assignment and Licensing in Nigeria
How To Issue a Demand Letter for Debt Recovery in Nigeria
How To Negotiate Intellectual Property Settlement Agreements in Nigeria
How to prove traditional history based on hearsay evidence
How To Register a Copyright Work in Nigeria
How To Register a Geographical Indication in Nigeria
How To Renew a Trademark Registration in Nigeria
How To Respond to Design Examination Reports in Nigeria
How To Respond to Patent Examination Reports in Nigeria
How To Respond to Trademark Examination Reports in Nigeria
Hunting Incident
Identification of land
Identification Parade
Identity of Land
Illegal Contract
Illegal contract will not be enforced
ILLEGAL/VOID CONTRACT
Illegality
Illiterate jurat
Illiterate Protection Act
Impeachment Proceedings under Constitutional Law
impersonation
Implied Terms in a Contract
Importance and bindingness of Pleadings
Importance of Consent in all Forms of Marriage
Importance of Service of Process(es) and Effect of Failure to Serve Where Required
In Civil Cases Totality of Evidence to be Placed on Imaginary Scale
Inadmissibility of Evidence
Inadmissibility of parole or oral evidence
Incompetent appeal
Incompetent notice of appeal
inconsistency
Incorporation
Incorporation by Reference
INCORPORATION OF COMPANY
Infringement
Ingredients of a Valid Sale of Land Under Customary Law
INGREDIENTS OF MURDER
Ingredients of the Offence of Culpable Homicide
Ingredients That Must Exist to Prove the Offence of Armed Robbery
Inherent Jurisdiction
Inheritance
Injuction
Injunction
injunctions
Injunctions – Urgency
Injunctive relief
Insider Trading
Instalment payment of judgement debt
Instance when Parties can Apply for Consolidation of Appeals
Instance(S) When an Appeal Shall Lie as of Right to the Supreme Court
Instance(s) where a court can raise issue(s) suo motu and determine it without hearing parties
Instance(s) where an Appellate Court Would Allow Fresh Points of Appeal
Instances where a trial within trial will not be conducted
Instances where the Decision of Court would be Regarded as Perverse
Instances where the Supreme Court will not Interfere with Concurrent Findings of Fact(s) made by Lower Courts
Institution of court action
Insufficent Evidence
Insurance
Intellectual Property
Intent/Purpose of the Provision of the Law
Intention
Intention of parties to contract
Interest awarded from date money is withheld and the other is driven court
Interest awarded from date money is withheld and the other is driven to court
Interest Calculation
Interest in Land
Interest on a claim for money
Interest on Facility
Interest on Judgment
Interest Rates
Interest to be awarded where fiduciary relationship is breached
Interested Party
Interested Person
Interference with award of damages
Interference with concurrent finding of fact defence of self-defence
INTERFERENCE WITH CONCURRENT FINDING OF FACTS
INTERFERENCE WITH CONCURRENT FINDING(S) OF FACT(S)
Interference with Concurrent Findings of Facts
Interference With Evaluation Of Evidence
Interference with Exercise of Discretion
Interference with finding(s) of fact(s)
INTERFERENCE WITH FINDINGS OF FACTS
Interference with Findings of Facts/Evaluation of Evidence
Interference With The Exercise Of Discretion
INTERFERENCE WITH THE EXERCISE OF DISCRETION DISCRETION OF COURT
Interference with the Findings of Facts
Interim and interlocutory applications
Interim Injunctions
Interim Order of Injunction
Interlocutory Applications/Matters
Interlocutory Injunction
INTERLOCUTORY INJUNCTIONS
Interlocutory Judgment
INTERLOCUTORY/INTERIM INJUNCTIONS
Internal Investigations
Internal Party Democracy
INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL TRANSACTION
International law
Interpretation of Contract Terms
Interpretation of Document
Interpretation of Lease Agreement
Interpretation of Order 56 Rule 16 of the High Court Rules of Eastern Nigeria
Interpretation of Order IV Rule 3 Of the Eastern Nigeria High Court Rules
Interpretation of Section 128 of the Companies Decree as it relates to Court-ordered Meetings
Interpretation of Section 14 of the Evidence Act
Interpretation of Section 21 Of the Supreme Court Act
Interpretation of Section 22 of the Supreme Court Act
Interpretation of Section 22(3) of the Federal High Court Act
Interpretation of Section 232(1) of the 1999 Constitution
Interpretation of Section 24 of the Supreme Court Act
Interpretation of Section 28 of Land Use Act
Interpretation of Section 33 of The Sheriffs and Civil Process Law 1964
Interpretation of Section 368(3) of the Criminal Procedure Law
Interpretation of Section 8 of the Supreme Court Act as it relates to the Practice and Procedure of the Supreme Court
Interpretation of Statue
Interpretation of statute
Interpretation of statutes
INTERPRETATION OF WORDS IN A CONTRACT
INTRA-PARTY DISPUTES
Investment and Securities Tribunal
Investments
Investments and Securities Tribunal
Invoking the Writs of Certiorari and Mandamus in Electoral Matters
IP
Irregular/Wrong Procedure
Irregularity
Irregularity of Order for Substituted Service
Irreparable injury
Islamic Law and Procedure
Issuance of hearing notice
Issuance/Service of Originating Process
ISSUE ESTOPPEL
Issue for Determination Must Be Predicated on Ratio Decidendi of Judgment Appealed Against
ISSUE OF JURISDICTION
Issue of Statutory Limitation
Issue(S) For Determination
Issues for Determination
ISSUES NOT RAISED
Issues of Political Appointee or public place holders
It is not every inconsistency that is enough to destroy the credibility of a witness
It is not How the Cause of Action is Described That is Material But What Facts Have to be Averred
It is Not Only Named Plaintiff or Defendant that is Bound
It is not overriding public purpose to revoke in order to vest in another
It is Only the Affected Party That Can Allege Non-Compliance
It is Unnecessary to Plead Law
It is unnecessary to plead law statutes or sections before reliance can be placed on them
It is wrong for a court to refuse to consider counter-affidavit due to absence of deponent in court.
IT WILL SUFFICE IF A FAIR PROBABILITY OF A DEFENCE IS SHOWN OR A TRIABLE ISSUE IS RAISED
Joinder as Co-Plaintiff/Claimant/Defendant
JOINDER AS CO-PLAINTIFF/CLAIMANT/DEFENDANTS
Joinder of parties
Joinder of Parties – Necessary Party
Joinder/Misjoinder Does Not Affect The Jurisdiction of The Party
Joinder/Misjoinder of Parties
Joining of Issues
Joint Tortfeasors
Joint Venture
Joint Venture Partnership
Judgements
judgment
Judgment Against Non-Party
Judgment and Order
Judgment Debtor
Judgment in the Undefended list
Judgment of Court
Judgment of court supersedes the certificate of Judgment
JUDGMENT OR ORDER OF COURT MUST BE OBEYED
JUDGMENT OR ORDER OF COURT SUBSIST UNTIL SET ASIDE
Judgment/Order
judgments
Judgments in Foreign Currency
judgments.
Judicial Bias
judicial discretion
Judicial Division
JUDICIAL NOTICE
Judicial Precedent
Judicial review
Judicial Separation
jurisdiction
JURISDICTION OF COURT
JURISDICTION OF CUSTOMARY COURT
Jurisdiction of Election Petition Tribunal
Jurisdiction of State High Court
Jurisdiction of the court of appeal
Jurisdiction of the Federal High Court
Jurisdiction of the Federal High Court in the Grant of Declaratory Relief
Jurisdiction of the High Court
Jurisdiction of the Magistrate Court
Jurisdiction of the Medical and Dental Practitioners’ Disciplinary Tribunal to try offences
Jurisdiction of the Sharia Court of Appeal
Jurisdiction of the State and Federal High Court
Jurisdiction of the State High Court
Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court to hear an Appeal from the LPDC
Jurisdiction over admiralty matters
Jurisdiction: Sharia Court of Appeal
Juristic Personality
JV
Kidnapping
Kidnapping and Allied Offences
Labor Law
Labour law
Laches and acquiescence
Lack of jurisdiction of the court of appeal
Lacuna
land
Land acquisition
Land Certificate
land compensation
Land Dispute
Land Law
Land Law: Sale of Land under Customary Law
Land law/Claims to land
Land Ownership Dispute
Land Recovery
Land Registry
Land to which declaration relates must be ascertained with certainty before title to land is decreed – duty of a claimant
land trust
land valuation
Landlord and Tenant
Landlord and tenant dispute
Landlord and Tenant-Licensee
Lashes and acquiescence
Latin Maxims
Law of Contract
Law of Evidence
Law of Succession
Law of Tort
Lawyer
Lawyer to refrain from acts that adversely affect administration of justice
Lease
Lease Agreement
LEAVE OF COURT
Leave of Court to Appeal
Leave Of Court/Leave To Appeal
Leave to appeal
Leave to file Additional Evidence
leave to issue the writ outside jurisdiction
Legal Dispute
Legal Interpretation
LEGAL PERSONALITY/JURISTIC PERSONALITY
Legal Practitioner
legal Practitioners Act
Legal status of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission
legal-proof
Legislation
legislature has the constitutional right to enact a statute and make it apply retrospectively
Length of Time Not Material Factor
Letter of Administration
Letter of Appointment
Letter of Credit (LC)
Letters of Administration
LIABILITY IN TORT
Liability of an Agent
Liability of Banker to Non-Customer for the Tort of Negligence
Liaison Office is Good Enough for Purposes of Service
Libel
Libel/Defamation
License
Life Tenancy
Lifting The Veil Of Incorporation
limit to appeal
Limitation Action
LIMITATION LAW
Limitation of Action
LIMITATION PERIOD
Limitation period for bringing an action for recovery of land
Limitations to Authority of Counsel
Lineal Descendants
Lis Pendens
Lis pendens or pendente lite
Lis Pendis
Literal Rule Of Interpretation
Literal Rule of Interpretation Effect of leave to appeal granted before the expiry of the time
Litigant has right to counsel of his choice and freedom to change counsel at any time
Litigant Should not Take Inordinate Time
Litigation
Litigation is fought on pleadings and evidence
Local Government
locus in quo
Locus standi
long possession
lower court’s findings of facts
LTD
Machine Hire Agreement
Main Claim combined with claim under Fundamental Human Rights
Maintenance Agreement
Maintenance and Custody
Malice
malicious damage
malicious prosecution
Malpractice
Manner of obtaining document doesn’t render it inadmissible
Manslaughter
Marginal Notes
marraige
Marriage
Marriage Act
MASTER/SERVANT RELATIONSHIP
Material Averment not Specifically Denied by the Defendant in the Statement of Defence is Taken as Admitted
Material Contraditon
Material must be placed before the Court for the exercise of the Court’s Discretion
Matrimonal Action
Matrimonial cases
Matrimonial Causes Act
Matrimonial Causes-Maintenance
Meaning
Meaning and definition of privies
Meaning and Effect of Locus Standi in an Appeal Case
Meaning and Nature of a Post-Dated Cheque
Meaning and Nature of Circumstantial Evidence
Meaning and nature of locus standi
Meaning and proof of Special Damages
Meaning and Purpose of Appeal
Meaning of a Trial Denovo
Meaning of a warranty
Meaning of Academic Suit
Meaning of Audi Alterem Partem
Meaning of joint tortfeasors
Meaning of Jurisdiction
Meaning of publication
Measure of Damages
Measure of damages in wrongful dismissal
Mediation
Medical Council Complaint
medical evidence
Medical Evidence Dispensed as to the Cause of Death
Medical Law
Medical negligence as an offence
Medical Report
Meetings
Memorandum of Association
Memorandum of Understanding
Mens Rea
Mens Rea and Actus Reus
Mere Production of a Certificate of Occupancy by Itself Does Not Entitle a Party to a Declaration of Title
Mergers
Mesne Profit
military law
Ministerial Discretion
Minority order of the Court of Appeal
Minutes of Meetings is not the Only Evidence of What Transpired in the Meetings
Misappropriation of funds
Miscarriage of justice
Mischief Rule
Misconduct
Misdirection in Law
Misdirection of law
Misjoinder/Non-joinder of Party(ies)
Misnomer
Misrepresentation
Mistake of Counsel
Mistake Of Counsel/Court/Registry
Mistake/Error in Judgment
Mistake/Error of Court/Registry
Mistaken Identity
Mode of creation of family property
Modes of Commencement of Action in Civil Cases
Money judgement
Money laundering
Money Lenders Law of Bayelsa State
Money Lending
Mortgage
mortgaged property
Motions – Motions Not Moved Are Deemed Abandoned
motor accident cases
Multiple Applications
Murder
Murder Case
Murder Conviction
Name Change
Name Search
National Assembly
National Assembly and Governorship Appeal
National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA)
Native Law and Custom
Native/Customary Courts
Natural Justice
Nature and Consequences of Credit Sale Transaction
Nature and importance of a notice of appeal
Nature and Ingredients of Conversion
Nature and Purpose of Grounds of Appeal
Nature and Scope of Omnibus Ground of Appeal
Nature and Treatment of Admissions
Nature of a Banker/Customer Relationship
Nature of customary tenancy and when it can be determined
Nature of Election Petition Matters
nature of employment Power of Employer to suspend Employee
Nature of Garnishee Proceedings
Nature of public document
Nature of Public Documents
Nature of Remand Proceedings
Nature of the Right to Fair Hearing
NDA
Necessary party
Need for justice over technicalities
Need for Justice Over Technicalities – Rules are Handmaid of Justice – Obedience Not to be Slavish
Need to comply/ non-compliance
Need to Plead Illegality as a Defence Except Where the Contract is Ex Facie Illegal
Negligence
Negligent Payment
Negotiation
negotiations
Nemo Dat Quod Non Habet
Nemo Judex in Causa Sua
Nigerian Customary Law
Nigerian Electoral Law
Nigerian Law School
No Case Submission
No Need to Seek Leave to Raise Issue of Jurisdiction Even on Appeal
No Requirement for Transaction to be in Writing
No Valid Appeal Can be Predicated Thereon
No-case Submission
NOLLUS COMMODUM CAPERE POTEST DE INJURIA SUA PROPRIA
Nominal damages
NOMINATION AND SPONSORSHIP OF CANDIDATE
Non registration affects only legal and not equitable title
Non-compliance with rules of court
Non-joinder of Parties
Non-services of pre-action notice must be pleaded
None-Disclosure
Not all errors in Judgment result in the setting aside of the Judgment
Not ever fact pleaded that a party must lead evidence to
Not Every Fact Pleaded that a Party Must Lead Evidence On
Not Every Time There is Delay that Appeal is Allowed
Notes
Notice
Notice may be Oral
Notice of Acquisition
Notice of appeal
Notice of Intention to Defend
Notice of Payment Into Court
Notice of Proceedings
notice of trial
Notice to Quit
Notice(s) Of Appeal
Novation of Contract
nterlocutory Appeal
Oath on a Witness
Obiter Dictum
Object of and method of raising Preliminary Objection
Objection to jurisdiction
Obligation of mortgagee selling under power of sale
OFFENCE OF ARMED ROBBERY
Offence of Conspiracy
Offence of Conspiracy to Commit Murder
Offence of Criminal Force and Assault
Offence of Culpable Homicide Punishable with Death
OFFENCE OF DANGEROUS DRIVING
Offence Of Fraud
Offence of Manslaughter
Offence Of Murder
Offence Of Obtaining By False Pretences
Offer and acceptance
Office
Oil and Gas
Omnibus ground of appeal
Omnibus Grounds of Appeal
On Who Can Issue a Valid Notice to Quit
Onus of Proof
Onus of proving that Governors Consent has been obtained
Options Available to an Aggrieved Party Where There s Breach of Warranty
Options Available to an Aggrieved Party Where There s Breach of Warranty
OR SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE
Oral Argument
Oral evidence
Oral evidence cannot contradict a document evidencing a transaction
Oral evidence contradicting pleadings
Oral Evidence Or Document Based On Hearsay Evidence Is Hearsay Evidence
Oral Notice
Oral/Documentary Evidence
ORDER 3 RULES 4(1) AND (2) OF THE COURT OF APPEAL RULES
Order for Dismissal/Non-Suit
Order Nisi
Order of Certiorari
Order of Compensation
Order of Mandamus
ORDER OF NON-SUIT
ORDER OF PRIORITY IN EQUITY
Order Of Re-Hearing
ORDER OF RE-RUN
ORDER OF RETRIAL
Order Of Retrial/Trial De Novo
ORDER OF STRIKING OUT
Order of Striking Out Suit
Orders of Certiorari and Prohibition
original documents
Original of public document can be produced without certification
Originating Summon(s)
Originating summons
Originating Summons to Commence an Action
Ouster clause does not protect nullity
Ouster of jurisdiction
Ouster Statute
Overseas
Ownership of land
Parol Evidence
Parole evidence
PART 1 OF THE FOREIGN JUDGMENTS (RECIPROCAL ENFORCEMENT) ACT CAP. 152 LFN
Part Payment of Purchase Price
PART PERFORMANCE
PARTICULARS OF GROUND OF APPEAL
Particulars of offence
Parties
Parties are bound by their pleadings
Parties bound by decision of Arbitrator
Parties bound by terms of contract
Parties that can Institute Criminal Proceedings
Parties to an Action
PARTIES TO AN ELECTION PETITION
parties to contract
Partition of Family Land
Partitioning of Family Land
Partnership Agreement
Party Cannot Seek to Rely on Agency as Defence Without Pleading it Defendant Must Plead Facts that He Relies Upon
Party having taken benefit under a contract cannot seek to avoid it on the ground that the contract is void
Party who fails to object to admissibility of document during trial precluded on appeal
Party(ies) To An Action
Patent
paternity
Payment Dispute
Payment of tribute not an invariable condition of customary tenancy
Penal Code
Pension Reform Act
Period within which to Appeal against a Final/Interlocutory Decision
Permits
Perpetual Injunction
Person Alleging Misjoinder Must Act Timeously
Person Who Has Benefited from a Loan Cannot Allege Same to be Null and Void
Personal Liability of an Agent for money received for the use of his Principal
PERVERSE DECISION
Perverse Finding(s)/Decision(s)
Petition
photocopies
Photocopy of Certified true copy needs no further certification
Place for Service
Plaintiff entitled to rely on aspects of defendant’s case which supports his own
Plaintiff is entitled to lead evidence through his own witness or by cross examination of the defendant’s witness
Plaintiff must succeed on the strength of his case
Plea
Plea bargain
Plea of Alibi
Plea of Estoppel
plea of estoppel per rem judicatam
Plea of guilty
Plea of laches and acquiescence
Plea of Non est Factum
Pleading Defences Such as Absence of Notice of Intended Action
Pleadings
Point of law
political office holders
Political parties
Political Party Primaries
Political Party Regulations
Polling Agents
Position of the law as regards contradictions in evidence
Position of the Law as Regards Non-Compliance with Statutory Provision for Service of Court Process(es)
Possession
Possession – Survey Beacons Constitute Acts of Possession
Possession can be through a third party
Possession of fire arms
Possession of land
Possession/Ownership
Power of Appellate Court to Exclude Wrongfully Admitted Evidence
Power of Appellate Court to Exclude Wrongfully Admitted Evidence
Power of Attorney
Power of Attorney-General
Power Of Court
Power of Court to Make Supplemental Orders
Power of Employer to suspend Employee
Power of Sale
Power of the Attorney-General
Power of the Supreme Court to Strike out an Appeal
Power to appoint is power to remove; servant cannot be imposed on an unwilling master
Power to Set Aside
POWER(S) OF STATE GOVERNOR
Powers of a Court
POWERS OF COURT
Practice and procedure
Pre- Action Notice
PRE-ACTION NOTICE
Pre-Election and Election Matters
Pre-Election Matters
PRE-HEARING NOTICE
Pre-Incorporation Contracts
Pre-Trial
Pre-Trial Conference
Preferrimg a Charge
Prejudgment interest
Preliminary objection
Preliminary objection in demurrer proceedings
Preliminary objection to be moved before the hearing of substantive appeal
Preliminary Objection without a Separate Notice
Preliminary objections
Premises
Prerogative writs
Prerogative writs cannot be used to quash legislative or executive acts.
present in Court
Presidential Candidacy
PRESUMPTION OF FACTS
Presumption of Genuineness
PRESUMPTION OF GENUINENESS OF A DOCUMENT
Presumption of genuineness of certified true copy of public document
Presumption of Legitimacy
Presumption of ownership
PRESUMPTION OF REGULARITY
Presumption of Regularity for Official or Judicial Acts Carried Out
Presumptions
Prima facie case
Primary Election Dispute
Primary Election Disputes
Primary Elections Dispute
Principal rights of the owner of goods in a hire purchase agreement
Principal/Agent Relationship
Principle for suing in representative capacity
Principle of Causation
Principle of Quantum Meruit Available to Prevent Unjust Enrichment
principle of Starre Decisis does not mean ratio must be applied across board
Principles for Grant
Principles involved in Interpretation of a Contract
Principles involved in the Interpretation of a Contract
principles of equity
Principles of law that govern the setting aside of a judgment
Principles of Law with respect to a Contract of Sale of Goods
Principles on Setting aside a Judgment
Principles Regarding Award of Cost
Principles to be borne in mind considering an application for stay of proceeding
Priority of Hearing
Priority of hearing of multiple applicatuins
Privilege/Qualified Privilege
Privity of contract
Probate
Probate and Estate
PROBATIONARY PERIOD
Probative Value of Minutes of Meetings
PROCEDURAL IRREGULARITY
Procedure for Endorsing a Writ of Summons
Procedure in statute must be followed
procedure to set aside judgment of court
Procedure unsuitable for contentious action
Proceedings
Proceedings are a nullity
Processes filed out of time
Product Liability
Proforma Invoice and Memorandum of understanding
Proforma Invoice and Memorandum of Understanding are not Contracts
Prohibition And Certiorari Can Be Used In Commencing Election Or Election Related Matters
Proliferation Of Issues
Pronouncement Not to be Made on Substantive Case
Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubt
Proof by traditional evidence must be conclusive
Proof of Commission of Crime in civil cases
Proof of crime- guilt of accused person
Proof of crime/commission of offence
Proof of Custom/Customary Law
Proof of Customary Law
Proof of Evidence
Proof of Facts
Proof of ownership of land
Proof of right of occupancy
Proof of Root of Title
Proof of Service of Court Processes
Proof of Title
Proof of Title Land Identity
Proof of Title of Land
PROOF OF TITLE TO LAND
Proof of Title to Land through Circumstantial Evidence
Proper Mode Of Service Of Processes On A Company
PROPER PARTIES
proper parties must be before the court
Proper Time To Institute Pre-Election Matters
Proper/Necessary Parties
PROPER/NECESSARY PARTY(IES)
Property
Property dispute
property Disputes
Property law
Property ownership
Property possession
Provocation Defense
Public Associations
Public Document
Public document – meaning of certification
Public Enterprises
Public interest
PUBLIC OFFICERS
Public Officers Protection Act
Public Officers Protection Act in Contractual Disputes
Publication
Publication in gazette
purchase
Purchase Price
Purchaser Acquires Equitable Interest
Purpose and effect of a preliminary objection
Purpose of a Reply Brief
Purpose of Amendment is not to Create a Fresh Suit
Pursuing the same relief in two divisions of the court is an abuse of process
Qualified Privilege
quit notice
Quorum for Meetings
Quorum of an Election Petition Tribunal
Raising an Issue Suo Motu by a Court
Raising Fresh Issues in Appeal Cases
Raising Fresh Points on Appeal
Raising Issue(s) Suo Motu
Raising Issues suo moto
Ransom Demand
Rape
Rape conviction
Rape of a Minor
Ratification of Contract
Ratio Decidendi
Ratio Decidendi and Obiter Dictum
Rational behind requirement for Pre-Action Notice
Rationale for the Doctrine of Res Judicata
Re-Calling of Witnesses
RE-RUN ELECTION
Reading of Charge
Real Parties to the Contract
Real Property
Real property rights
reallocated to another individual or is not public purpose
Reallocation of property
Reasonable cause of action is determined from the statement of claim
Reasonable Doubt
Receiver Appointment
Receiving stolen property
Recitals
Recognition of Family Head
Recognized Payment Devices under the Sale of Goods Act: Cheques
Record of appeal
Record of Court Proceedings
RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS
Record(s) Of Court
Records of proceedings
Recovery of Charges by Legal Practitioners
Recovery of money
Recovery of premises
Registration
registration of an estate
Registration of foreign Judgment
REGISTRATION OF INSTRUMENT
REGISTRATION OF TITLE
Registration/ Non-Registration of Title to Land and Effect
Regulation of interest rate by Central Bank
Regulations
Regulatory Compliance
Reinstatement of an Employee
Relationship Between Banker and Customer is Debtor and Creditor
Relationship Between Banker and Customer is Fiduciary
Relevance Governs Admissibility; Admissibility Distinct from Weight
RELEVANT FACTS/EVIDENCE
Relief not claimed
Relief to be specifically stated. Prayer “for such further order” will be refused
Reliefs not claimed in the statement of claim
Reliefs not claimed in the writ of summons
Relisting of appeal
Remedies Available for Wrongful Termination of a Contract of Employment
renewal
Renewal of Lease
Rent
Repayment of Debt
Reply
Reply Brief
Reply brief is not a repetition of appellant brief or a re-emphasis
Representative action
Representative Capacity
Requirement of laying foundation for reception of secondary evidence
Requirements for a Valid Arraignment
Requirements for Filing a Petition
Requirements for Grounds of Appeal
Res Gestae or Dying Declaration
Res Ipsa Loquitur
Res Judicata
Rescission of Contract
Research
RESIGNATION
Resolving Conflicts in Traditional Evidence
respondent’s notice
Respondent’s Reply Brief
Resting case
Restriction on Bank Account
Result Sheet Requirement
Retoactive laws which criminal penalties are affront to liberty
Retraction of Confessional Statement
retrial
Retroactive Law which Impose Criminal Penalties are an Affront to Liberty
Retroactive laws which impose criminal penalties are an affront to liberty
Retrospective Legislation
REVIEW OF JUDGMENT
Revocation of Agency
Revocation of Land Title
Revocation of right of occupancy
Right of a Beneficiary under a Letters of Administration over a Beneficiary on Life Insurance Policy
Right of a Mortgagee to Exercise Power of Sale of a Mortgage Property
Right of Access to Court
Right of action against candidate
Right Of An Accused Person
Right of An Unpaid Seller
Right Of Appeal
Right of appeal in a pre-election and election matters
Right Of Audience
Right of Fair Hearing
Right of Occupancy
Right of party to appeal
Right of sale
RIGHT TO ACQUIRE AND OWN PROPERTY
Right to fair hearing
Right to Liberty
RIGHT TO PERSONAL LIBERTY
Right to Privacy
RIGHT TO SILENCE
robbery
ROC
Role Of The Courts To Ensure Substantial Justice Is Done
Rule In Smith V. Selwyn
Rule of Court on Representative Action
Rule of Law
Rules 6 And 9(1) Of The Finance Law (Appeals) (High Court) Rules
Rules of Court
Rules Of Court/Statutory Provision
RULES OF INTERPRETATION OF CONSTITUTION
Rules Of Interpretation Of Statute
Rules of Professional Conduct
Rules on Common Intention to Commit a Crime
Sale by family head without consent of family is voidable
Sale of Family Property/Land
Sale of Good
Sale of Goods
Sale of land
Sale of land by family member who is not the head of the family
Sale of Land under Customary Law
Sale of Land under Native Law and Custom
Sale or Lease of Family Land
Sales of Goods Law
Sanctity of Contract
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Searches
SECTION 16(1) AND (2) OF THE ARBITRATION ACT
Section 174(1) Of The Constitution
SECTION 201(1) AND (2) OF THE 1999 CONSTITUTION
Section 251(1)(d) Of The 1999 Constitution
Section 3(1)(d) Of The Failed Bank (Recovery Of Debts And Financial Malpractices) Decree No. 18 Of 1994
Section 33(1) of the 1979 constitution
Section 383(1) & (2) Of The Criminal Code
Section 44(1) Of The 1999 Constitution
Section 63(3) Of The Companies And Allied Matters Act
Section 68 Of The Minerals Act
Section 84 Electoral Act, 2022
Sections 4(1)(2) And 51 Of The Income Tax Law
Securities
Securities Issuance
Securities Regulation
SELECTION/APPOINTMENT OF CHIEFS
Self Defence
Self Defense
Self-Defence
Self-Defense
Self-help Eviction
Sentence
sentence agreement
Sentencing
Separation of Powers
Service of court process(es)
Service of court processes
Service on the Branch Manager of the Defendant is proper by 1990 Act (CAMA)
Setting aside Judgement/Order
Setting aside judgment
Setting Aside Judgment/Order
Settlement
Share Buybacks
Share Capital
Shareholder Disputes
Shareholder’s Meetings
Shareholders Agreement
Shares
Shipping and Admiralty
signature on a document
Signature verification
Signing of Court Processes
SIMPLE CONTRACT
slander
Software
Solicitor
SPDC
Special Damages
SPECIAL/GENERAL DAMAGES
specific performance
Standard Of Proof
Standard of Proof of Allegation of Crime in Civil Cases
Stare decisis
Statement in Support
Statement of Claim
Statement of Claim/Writ for Summons
Statement of Claim/Writ of Summons
Statement of Defence
Statement of offence
Status not repealed by implication but by law
Status of Concurring Judgment
Status of Judgment Debtor in garnishee proceedings
Status of practice direction
Statute barred
STATUTE BARRED ACTION
Statute of limitation
Statute of limitation in Native law and custom
Statute of Limitations
Statutes Not Repealed by Implication but by Law
Statutes of General Application Before 1990
Statutes of Limitation
Statutes or Sections Before Reliance Can Be Placed on Them
Statutory and Marriage Under Customary Law
Statutory Definition of “Federation” and “State”
Statutory Definition Of “Goods
Statutory Definition of a Contract of Sale
statutory interpretation
STATUTORY PROVISION
Statutory Provisions as Regards Time Limit for Police Investigation of the Offence of Armed Robbery
Statutory right of occupanc
Statutory right of occupancy
Statutory Tenant
Stay of execution
Stay of execution of judgment
Stay of Judgment
Stay of proceedings
Stay of proceedings is entirely at the discretion of the court
Stay of Proceedings pending appeal before Notice of Appeal
Stay of Proceedings pending Arbitration
stealing
Steel Industry
Stood down
sublease
Submission of False information to INEC
Subpoena Duces Tecum
substantial justice
Substantial Performance
Substantive law governs determination of a cause of action
Substantive law governs determination of a cause of action/retrospectivity
Substitution of a party
Summaries
Summary judgment
Summary Trial in a Magistrate Court
summons
Supremacy of the Constitution
Supreme court
Survey
Survey Plan
Suspension of Director does not deprive him of protection of S266 CAMA
Tainted Witness
Taking of Plea
Taraba State Gubernatorial Election
Taxation
Taxation of Costs
Telecommunications
Tenancy
Tenancy at Sufferance
TENANCY AT WILL
tenant
Tenant-Landlord Relationship
TENURE OF OFFICE
Termination
Termination of Contract of Employment
Termination of employment
Termination of the Appellant’s employment
Terms Of Contract
TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION
Territorial Legislation
Testamentary Capacity
Testimony
Tests for Determining the Truth or Weight to Attach to a Confessional Statement before a Court can Convict on Same
The affidavit in support of notice of intention to defend must show or disclose enough facts to satisfy a reasonable tribunal that the defendant has a defence to the action.
the court can refer to any portion of it and not only the page tendered
The court does not aid the indolence
The Court has a right to look at a document in the file which was not tendered as an exhibit
The Court is to Effect the Intention of the Parties
The Criminal Procedure Code
The Defendant must specifically traverse /deny any allegation of fact in the statement of claim
The Doctrine Applies Irrespective of Notice
The Doctrine Applies Only to Real Property Not to Personal Property
The Doctrine Binding Whether or Not Purchaser Had Notice of Pending Proceedings
The employee has a right to salary during the period of suspension
The Interpretation Act
The justification for admission being the best evidence
The principle and nature of a confirmed credit
The proper way to draft a ground of appeal
The purpose of amendment is not to create a fresh suit or add an entirely new cause of action
The Registration of Titles Act
The Value of a General Traverse of an Important and Material Allegation
There is a breach of duty where public body fails to comply with procedure
Time limit for hearing and determination of an election petition
Time Limit Within Which The Court Can Hear And Dispose Of An Appeal In A Pre-Election Matter
title
Title Deeds
TITLE TO LAND
tort
Tort Law
Tort of Defamation
Tort of Libel
Tort of Negligence
Trademark dispute
Trademarks
TRADITIONAL EVIDENCE
Traditional evidence not determined by demeanor of witnesses
Traditional evidence to proof title to land
Traditional evidence/history
Traditional History
Traditional Rulership
Training
Transfer
TRANSFER OF A JUDGE
Transfer of cases between courts
TRAVERSE
Trespass
Trespass and Recovery of Possession
Trespass of land
trespass to land
Trespass to Land
Trial
Trial Court
Trial within Trial
trust
Ubi jus ibi remedium
Unchallenged and unrebutted evidence
Unchallenged evidence
Unchallenged Evidence as to the Qualification of an Expert
Unchallenged/uncontroverted evidence
Uncontroverted Evidence
Uncontroverted Facts in an Affidavit Evidence
Undefended list
Undefended List Procedure
Undervaluing a property is insufficient to vitiate a sale in absence of fraud
Unenforceable Contract
Unincorporated Entity Can Sue By Representative Action
UNLAWFUL ARREST AND DETENTION
unlawful assembly
Unlawful Detention
Unlawful entry to land
Unlawful Occupation
Unpleaded facts
Unregistered Land to a Purchaser for Value without Notice
Use of police in cases of Breach of Contract and as debt collection agents
Utility
VACANCY IN A CHIEFTAINCY POSITION
Valid arraignment
Valid Money Lenders License
validity
Validity of a Will
VALIDITY OF CONTRACT
Validity of Election Petition
Valuation
valuation of sale consideration
Value Added Tax Act
Variation of Conditions for Stay
Variation of Judgment
Vested Interest
Vested Right
Vicarious Liability
Violation of Rights
void act/transactions
Voidable contract
Voluntary Confession in Criminal Cases
Wages for Services
Waiver
WAIVER OF RIGHT
Warranty
Weight of Evidence
What a Party Must Show To Establish Locus Standi
What amounts to a substantial question of law
What amounts to credible evidence
What Constitutes a Final Judgment
wHAT CONSTITUTES QUESTION OF LAW IN A GROUND OF APPEAL
When a Court declines Jurisdiction
When a public body fails to comply with procedural safeguards
When a Trial within Trial be Conducted
When an Arbitral Award can be set aside
When and how to raise objections to the grants of letters of administration
When can demurrer be raised
When cause of action accrues
When court will refuse to set aside arbitral award
When culpable homicide will not be punishable with death
When Equitable Interest Will Prevail Over Legal Estate
When not to serve a pre-action notice
When objection to Jurisdiction can be raised
When order of joinder should be made
When the eldest son will be entitled to take inheritance of the Igiogbe under Benin/bini Customary law
When to raise an Objection to the Jurisdiction of a Court
Where a document is tendered as an exhibit
Where a party hires a council who has rendered service to the opposing party
Where a party is an physical possession of land the law presumes him to be owner thus shifting burden of proof
Where a Party is in Physical Possession of Land The Law Presumes Him to be Owner Thus Shifting Burden of Proof
Where a party states the wrong law court is to entertain application on its meri
Where aclaim for declaration of title fails
Where an Admission was made Unintentionally
Where answers are elicited under cross-examination
Where applicant fails to put material before the court application should be struck out
WHERE CO-PLAINTIFF SEEKS TO WITHDRAW AS PLAINTIFF A PERSON CANNOT
Where Consent Judgment Entered by Counsel is Valid
where Customary tenant denies overlord’s title
Where Defendant Took a Step in the Proceedings it has Waived its Right to Object to Service
Where Document is Clear and Unambiguous
where interest not claimed but facts pleaded
Where Jurisdiction Not Genuinely Raised Stay Not Granted
Where material contradictions in evidence of a party court is to reject entire evidence
Where no Jurisdiction
Where Notice of Appeal is Abandoned or Invalid
Where oral evidence will throw light on a document
Where Parties Filed a joint Petition
Where special provision in a statute is followed by a general provision
where survey plan can be dispensed with
Where the adversary fails to cross-examine
Where the Defendant Relies on a Special Defence
Where the Interpretation of a Statute will Defeat its Objective; the Court will Lean in Favour of the Object
Where there is conflict in the evidence of expert
Where there is conflict in the evidence of experts
Where there is no valid or pending appeal
Where two parties claim possession/ownership
Where Two Possibilities are Equally Compatible Neither One can be Said to Have Been Proved
Whether a buyer is under a duty to ensure that a credit is issued within a reasonable time to the seller if the mode of payment agreed upon is that of a documentary credit
Whether a court can revive a matter it has struck out
Whether a ground of appeal which involves a question of law alone can sustain the notice of appeal
Whether a Void Marriage is still a Marriage Recognised by Law
Whether acceptance under a letter of credit precludes the buyer from rejecting the goods
Whether court must grant stay of proceedings once jurisdiction is raised
Whether Election Or Issuance Of Certificates Of Return In An Election Process May Be Questioned By Way Of A Petition At An Election Tribunal
Whether failure to exhaust administrative remedies ousts the jurisdiction of the Court
Whether Failure to Tender a Letter of Appointment will be Fatal to a Case
Whether Foreign Law is a Question of Fact That Must be Pleaded
Whether Grounds of appeal is sufficient to sustain a notice of appeal.
Whether identification parade is not necessary
Whether parties can consent to admission of inadmissible evidence
Whether Party is Bound to Give Evidence in his Own Case
Whether Prerogative Writs Such As Mandamus
Whether the fundamental rights enforcement rules are applicable to matrimonial cases
Whether the Merits of a Matter can be taken at Interlocutory Stage
Whether the repeal of an enactment would affect the right of a person which existed before the repeal of the enactment
Who can issue a valid notice to quit
Who has the duty to establish identity of land
Who Should Certify a Public Document
will
Wills
WINDING UP
Withdrawal
Withdrawal of Appeal
WITHHOLDING EVIDENCE
Witness
Witness examinations
Witness Statement must be adopted/confirmed to become evidence
witnesses
Writ of Summons
Writ to be served outside jurisdiction
WRITING OF JUDGMENT
Written contract
wrongful acts
Wrongful Admission/Rejection Of Evidence
WRONGFUL DISMISSAL OF AN EMPLOYEE
Wrongful Dismissal of Employee
Wrongful Ejection. Forceful Eviction.
WRONGFUL TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT
YORUBA NATIVE LAW AND CUSTOM
Zoning
Zoning and Rotation Principle
